FORMACIÓN DE NITROSAMINAS EN EMBUTIDOS Y CARNES PROCESADAS Y SU PAPEL EN LA CARCINOGENESIS
ABSTRACT: In the current food safety landscape, the presence of nitrosamines (NAs) in
processed meat products remains an unresolved issue, as these compounds have been shown
to induce carcinogenesis. This article aims to uncover the chemical mechanisms that cause the
formation of nitrosamines in sausages and their direct consequences, such as their potential
oncogenicity, particularly in the case of colorectal cancer. For this purpose, a PRISMA-compliant
systematic review methodology was employed, and a total of 25 articles from journals indexed
in databases such as PubMed and Scopus were selected, all published between 2018 and 2026.
The results show that the interaction between sodium nitrite as a preservative and the
secondary amines in meat, acting as catalysts in very high-temperature processes, leads to the
rapid formation of N-nitroso compounds, which were identified as a result of chronic exposure
to DNA adducts, particularly O⁶-methylguanine, which leads to critical genetic mutations. Based
on all the information, it is concluded that the use of nitrites is necessary to prevent botulism,
but it is also necessary for the agri-food industry to implement natural antioxidants and develop
biotechnological curing processes; these measures are necessary to reduce the toxic load ta.
The results show that the interaction between sodium nitrite (as a preservative) and the
secondary amines in meat (which act as catalysts) under very high temperatures leads to the
rapid formation of N-nitroso compounds, which were identified as a result of chronic exposure
to DNA adducts, particularly O⁶-methylguanine, which leads to critical genetic mutations. Based
on all the information, it is concluded that the use of nitrites is necessary to prevent botulism,
but it is also necessary for the agri-food industry to implement natural antioxidants and develop
biotechnological curing processes; these measures are necessary to reduce both exogenous and
endogenous toxic loads, thereby ensuring safer products for consumers in the absence of good
microbiological safety practices within the protein value chain.
Keywords: Nitrosamines, processed meats, carcinogenesis, nitrites, food safety
INTRODUCCIÓN
A escala internacional, la industria de los productos cárnicos procesados es uno de los sectores
más boyantes del ámbito agroalimentario, como consecuencia de su versatilidad, bajo coste y
gran aceptación por parte de los consumidores (1). Sin embargo, este desarrollo se ha visto
acompañado de una creciente preocupación en relación con la salud pública. En el año 2015 la
Agencia Internacional para la Investigación del Cáncer (IARC) presentó una de sus más
importantes clasificaciones, al ubicar el consumo de la carne procesada en el Grupo 1 de los
agentes carcinogénicos para los seres humanos, al igual que el tabaco o el asbesto (2), (3). Esta
clasificación se basa fundamentalmente en la amplia información epidemiológica que hay sobre
la asociación de ingestión frecuente de embutidos con el desarrollo de neoplasias malignas, en la
que el cáncer colorrectal es de los que tienen mayor frecuencia (4).
En el ámbito de la tecnología de los alimentos, el empleo de los nitritos y nitratos sódicos se
encuentra establecido como una práctica que cumple con funciones multisectoriales de
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