FORMACIÓN DE NITROSAMINAS EN EMBUTIDOS Y CARNES PROCESADAS Y SU PAPEL EN LA CARCINOGENESIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56519/8nd2ke26Palabras clave:
Nitrosaminas, carnes procesadas, carcinogénesis, nitritos, seguridad alimentaria, Nitrosamines, processed meats, carcinogenesis, nitrites, food safetyResumen
En el ámbito de la seguridad alimentaria actual, se plantea una asignatura pendiente por la existencia de nitrosaminas (NAs) en productos de origen cárnico procesados, que son unos compuestos que han mostrado ser capaces de inducir carcinogénesis. Este artículo tiene como objetivo descubrir los mecanismos químicos que provocan la formación de las nitrosaminas en los embutidos y su consecuencias directas como potencial oncogenético, particularmente en el caso del cáncer colorrectal. Para este propósito, se empleó una metodología de revisión sistemática de tipo PRISMA y se escogieron un total de 25 artículos de revistas de tipo indexado en bases de datos como PubMed y Scopus, cuya publicación fue entre los años 2018 y 2026. La serie de resultados muestra que la interacción entre el nitrito de sodio como conservante y las aminas secundarias de la carne y como catalizadores a procesos térmicos muy elevados provocan la rápida formación de los compuestos N-nitroso, los cuales fueron identificados como consecuencia de una exposición crónica a los aductos de ADN, particularmente la -metilguanina, la cual lleva a que sucedan mutaciones genéticas críticas. A partir de toda la información se llega a la conclusión que el uso de nitritos es necesario para prevenir el botulismo, pero también es necesario que la industria agroalimentaria implemente antioxidantes naturales y desarrolle procesos de curación biotecnológicos; estas funciones son necesarias para disminuir la carga tóxica tanto exógena como endógena, asegurando así productos más seguros para el consumidor sin buenas prácticas de inocuidad microbiológica dentro de la cadena de valor proteica.
ABSTRACT:
In the current food safety landscape, the presence of nitrosamines (NAs) in processed meat products remains an unresolved issue, as these compounds have been shown to induce carcinogenesis. This article aims to uncover the chemical mechanisms that cause the formation of nitrosamines in sausages and their direct consequences, such as their potential oncogenicity, particularly in the case of colorectal cancer. For this purpose, a PRISMA-compliant systematic review methodology was employed, and a total of 25 articles from journals indexed in databases such as PubMed and Scopus were selected, all published between 2018 and 2026. The results show that the interaction between sodium nitrite as a preservative and the secondary amines in meat, acting as catalysts in very high-temperature processes, leads to the rapid formation of N-nitroso compounds, which were identified as a result of chronic exposure to DNA adducts, particularly O⁶-methylguanine, which leads to critical genetic mutations. Based on all the information, it is concluded that the use of nitrites is necessary to prevent botulism, but it is also necessary for the agri-food industry to implement natural antioxidants and develop biotechnological curing processes; these measures are necessary to reduce the toxic load ta. The results show that the interaction between sodium nitrite (as a preservative) and the secondary amines in meat (which act as catalysts) under very high temperatures leads to the rapid formation of N-nitroso compounds, which were identified as a result of chronic exposure to DNA adducts, particularly O⁶-methylguanine, which leads to critical genetic mutations. Based on all the information, it is concluded that the use of nitrites is necessary to prevent botulism, but it is also necessary for the agri-food industry to implement natural antioxidants and develop biotechnological curing processes; these measures are necessary to reduce both exogenous and endogenous toxic loads, thereby ensuring safer products for consumers in the absence of good microbiological safety practices within the protein value chain.
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