ESTRATEGIAS FARMACÉUTICAS PARA LA REDUCCIÓN DE LA RESISTENCIA ANTIMICROBIANA EN ATENCIÓN PRIMARIA: REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICAESTRATEGIAS FARMACÉUTICAS PARA LA REDUCCIÓN DE LA RESISTENCIA ANTIMICROBIANA EN ATENCIÓN PRIMARIA: REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56519/e6e71b52Palabras clave:
antimicrobial resistance, antibiotics, primary health care, rational use of medicines, pharmaceutical interventions, resistencia antimicrobiana, antibióticos, atención primaria de salud, uso racional de medicamentos, intervenciones farmacéuticasResumen
La resistencia antimicrobiana representa un problema de creciente preocupación en salud pública a nivel global que tiene entre sus principales causas el uso inadecuado de antibióticos, una situación que ha llegado en Ecuador a un extremo más grave por prescripciones empíricas y la automedicación en la atención primaria. Así, el uso irracional de antimicrobianos favorece el desarrollo de microorganismos resistentes, compromete la actividad terapéutica y tiene un impacto negativo en los sistemas de salud. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática de las estrategias farmacéuticas para la reducción de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos en atención primaria, para señalar qué intervenciones han mostrado mayor efectividad y los factores que influyen en su implementación. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica en las bases de datos MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE y Google Scholar, tras definir unos criterios de inclusiones y exclusiones con el enfoque PRISMA para la selección de estudios. Los resultados de los artículos evidenciaron la existencia de diversas estrategias farmacéuticas, siendo las de optimización antimicrobiana (AMS), las pruebas diagnósticas en el punto de atención (POCT) y las intervenciones educativas, dirigidas a pacientes y profesionales de la salud, las que más se repiten. Asimismo, se encontró un elevado consumo de antibióticos con un rango de hasta 148,8 DDD/100 camas de hospitalización y 293,5 DDD en unidades de cuidados intensivos y una predilección por las bacterias gramnegativas, que representa un 77,1% de los aislamientos; además de factores asociados como automedicación, dispensación de antibióticos sin receta médica y escaso nivel de conocimiento sobre el uso adecuado de los antibióticos. Las intervenciones farmacéuticas son eficaces para reducir el uso inadecuado de antimicrobianos, pero su eficacia depende de su implementación en su totalidad, siendo necesario fortalecer las estrategias educativas, regulatorias y clínicas para favorecer el uso racional de antimicrobianos.
ABSTRACT
Antimicrobial resistance is a growing public health concern worldwide, with the inappropriate use of antibiotics being one of its main causes; in Ecuador, this situation has reached a more serious extreme due to empirical prescribing and self-medication in primary care. Thus, the irrational use of antimicrobials promotes the development of resistant microorganisms, compromises therapeutic efficacy, and has a negative impact on health systems. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of pharmaceutical strategies for reducing antimicrobial resistance in primary care, to identify which interventions have shown the greatest effectiveness and the factors influencing their implementation. To this end, a systematic review of the scientific literature was conducted in the MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases, after defining inclusion and exclusion criteria using the PRISMA approach for study selection. The results of the articles revealed the existence of various pharmaceutical strategies, with antimicrobial stewardship (AMS), point-of-care testing (POCT), and educational interventions—targeted at patients and healthcare professionals—being the most common. Furthermore, high antibiotic consumption was observed, ranging up to 148.8 DDD per 100 hospital beds and 293.5 DDD in intensive care units, along with a predominance of Gram-negative bacteria, which accounted for 77.1% of isolates; in addition to associated factors such as self-medication, the dispensing of antibiotics without a prescription, and a low level of knowledge regarding the appropriate use of antibiotics. Pharmaceutical interventions are effective in reducing the inappropriate use of antimicrobials, but their effectiveness depends on their full implementation, making it necessary to strengthen educational, regulatory, and clinical strategies to promote the rational use of antimicrobials.
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