DEL SOP AL PMOS: FACTORES ASOCIADOS AL SÍNDROME OVÁRICO METABÓLICO POLIENDOCRINO Y SU IMPACTO EN LA TRAYECTORIA METABÓLICA DE MUJERES EN EDAD REPRODUCTIVA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56519/dmk66h19Palabras clave:
Síndrome de ovario poliquístico, síndrome ovárico metabólico poliendocrino, resistencia a la insulina, enfermedades metabólicas, factores de riesgo, salud de la mujerResumen
El síndrome de ovario poliquístico (SOP) afecta al 6-13 % de las mujeres en edad reproductiva. Recientemente, se ha propuesto su renombramiento como síndrome ovárico metabólico poliendocrino (PMOS). Esta revisión sistemática identificó los principales factores genéticos, hormonales, metabólicos y ambientales relacionados con la progresión del SOP hacia el PMOS, describió las alteraciones metabólicas más frecuentes, analizó el impacto sobre enfermedades metabólicas, cardiovasculares y reproductivas, y sintetizó estrategias de diagnóstico, prevención y manejo. Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science y Cochrane Library (2020-2026), incluyendo estudios originales y revisiones sistemáticas en mujeres en edad reproductiva. La calidad metodológica se evaluó con Newcastle-Ottawa, RoB 2 y AMSTAR-2. Se seleccionaron 45 artículos. La resistencia a la insulina, obesidad visceral, inflamación crónica y alteraciones del eje hipotálamo-hipófiso-ovárico constituyen los principales mecanismos fisiopatológicos que favorecen la progresión metabólica. El síndrome metabólico afecta al 43-47 % de las mujeres con SOP. El SOP/PMOS se asocia a un mayor riesgo de diabetes tipo 2, enfermedad cardiovascular, esteatosis hepática y complicaciones reproductivas. El diagnóstico temprano y las intervenciones sobre el estilo de vida son fundamentales para modificar la trayectoria metabólica. La propuesta de transición del SOP al PMOS, aún en discusión, podría representar un cambio conceptual en la comprensión de esta condición. Se requiere mayor evidencia para consolidar esta nomenclatura y sus implicaciones clínicas.
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